The Ethics of Tax Evasion; Perceptual Evidence From Nigeria a Case Study of Some Selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of tax evasion to the payment of tax on ethical reasons. A case study of some selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. Extensive review of the existing literature was made and relevant information was extracted. The Design of the study is descriptive field survey and observation method and the study was conducted at the selected Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State. The instrument for data collection is structured questionnaire and the source of data used was primary and secondary sources. The data collected were analyzed using Chi-square test (X2). Based on the analysis of this research, the researcher discovered the following as her data findings, that there is widespread ethical support for tax evasion, the study showed varying degree of justification for tax evasion, that tax evasion is ethical sometime and also found that the perceived government corruption can make respondent to evade tax. Therefore, until those underlying cause are addressed, tax evasion may continue to be widespread.

TABLE OF CONTENTS   

Title page – – – – – – – –

Approval page – – – – – – – – ii

Certification – – – – – – – – iii

Dedication – – – – – – – – iv

Acknowledgement – – – – – – – v

Abstract – – – – – – – – vi

Table of Contents – – – – – – – vii

List of tables – – – – – – – – viii

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical background to the study – – – – 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems – – – – – 4

1.3 Objective of the study – – – – – – 5

1.4 Research Questions – – – – – – 5

1.5 Research Hypothesis – – – – – – 6

1.6 Significance of the study – – – – – 6

1.7 Scope of the Study – – – – – – 7

1.8 Definition of Terms – – – – – – 7

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Empirical investigation of tax evasion – – – 8

2.2 Overview of taxation system in Nigeria – – – 10

2.3 Taxation as a tool for fiscal policy –  – – – 13

2.4 Problem of effective tax administration in Akwa Ibom State – – – – – – – 16       8

2.5 Tax administration bodies in Nigeria – – – – 19

2.6 Objective of taxation – – – – – – 19

2.7 Tax effects – – – – – – – – 22

2.8 Agents of tax administration – – – – – 23

2.9 Three opinions on the ethic of tax evasion – – 24

2.10 Reasons for tax evasion – – – – – 26

2.11 Forms of tax evasion – – – – – – 27

2.12 Comparison of tax evasion and tax avoidance – – 29

2.13 Different between tax avoidance and tax evasion – 30

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design – – – – – – – 34

3.2 Sources of data – – – – – – – 35

3.3 Area of the study – – – – – – – 35

3.4 Population of the study – – – – – – 35

3.5 Sampling size determination and sampling technique – – – – – – – – – – 36

3.6 Reliability Test – – – – – – – 37

3.7 Validity Test – – – – – – – 38

3.8 Method of data analysis – – – – – 38

3.9 Decision criterion for validation of hypothesis – – 40

CHAPTER FOUR – RESULT

4.1 presentation of data – – – – – – 41

4.2 Test of Hypothesis – – – – – – 52

CHAPTER FIVE –  SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 61

5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 62

5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – 62

References

Questionnaire

Table 4.1 shows questionnaire administered – – – 41

Table 4.2 Analysis of sex respondents – – – – 42

Table 4.3: Analysis to know if local government really maintain tax department? – – – – 43

Table 4.4:- Analysis to know, if the management uses tax funds for decision making in their local government area. – –  44

Table 4.5:- Analysis to know whether people agree to pay tax in their local government or not. – – – 45

Table 4.6:- Analysis to show how often do people pay tax in their local government. – – – – – 46

Table 4.7:- Analysis to show whether tax evasion is ethically justifiable in their local government area? – – 47

Table 4.8:- Analysis to show whether government is really making use of the tax paid by the tax payer for development? – – 48

Table 4.9: Analysis to show whether governments take actions on people that are practicing tax evasion. – 49

Table 4.10:- Analysis to know what people think is the main reason for tax evasion in their local government. – 50

Table 4.11:- Analysis to show whether their local government keep proper tax record? – – – – 51

4.11a: Question 7 and 11 in the questionnaire will be used to test for the hypothesis stated above – – 52

Table 4.11b: Table showing computed value of X2 hypothesis I – – – –

Table 4.12: Table showing computed value of X2 hypothesis III – – – –

Table 13a: Question 8 and question 15 in the questionnaire will be used to test for the hypothesis stated above. 58

The word tax first appeared in the English language only in the 14th century, it is derived from the Latin word taxare, which means to

“Assess” before that, English used the related word task derived from old French, for a while task and tax were both in common use, the first requiring labour, and the second money.

In the Stone Age, tax was collected in Nigeria long before the coming of Europeans; it was collected by the local Chief for the purpose of administration and defense. Every one was expected to give part of his or her proceeds from cultivation of land to the state, those who were not cultivating were required to give their human (labour) sources for public work such as clearing the bush, digging the pit latrine, wells etc. for the benefit of the community, as a whole. Failure to render such services usually resulted in loss of property which might be reclaimed after payment. With the coming of the Europeans, taxes were collected from individuals through local chief in 1964; a legislative council was set for the whole country which obliged the regional council with a large measure of financial responsibility. After independence, state government were to fine out other sources of generating revenue which is today known as pay as you earn (PAYE).

Tax is a levy imposed by the federal board of Inland Revenue (federal government) on the chargeable income generated by individuals, organizations and other corporate bodies for the betterment of the society as a whole.

Taxation is the act of taxing, it is also the amount assessed as a tax, it is revenue raised from taxes. Taxation is the means of progress through which the government generate revenue for national development through the contribution by the citizens.

According to Ogundele (1999) taxation is defined as a process or machinery by which communities or group of persons are made to contribute in some agreed amount of money for the propose of the administration and development of the society. It can be inferred that the payment of tax will in turn be beneficial to the entire community of they pay their tax properly.

Tax constituted an important source of revenue to the government of any country both direct and indirect taxes that are collected by the government inform of income tax, excise duty, import and export duties, purchase and sales tax and so on help the government to generate a lot of revenue for the smooth administration of a nation. There are two elements in every form of taxation and that is the base and rate element. The tax base is the object which is taxed or a measure of the private sector income or wealth that can be taxed. The tax rate is the percentage of the measured amount taken from the tax base. As earlier stated, taxation is one of the most important and major source of government revenue, in this case the money realized from is used to provide social goods and services so that both the rich and the poor will have equal chance of making use of them through the provision of social amenities such as good roads, electricity, pipe borne water, hospitals welfare organization, schools and so on.

In spite of these benefits from tax, most people still run away from tax indulging themselves in what is called tax evasion and avoidance. Attempt to avoid some portion of inability or not to pay tax will affect the revenue generation of the government and that is the most condition why government frowns at the issue of tax evasion and uses its authority to enforce compliance. But in spite of the frown by the government of Nigeria, there have not been adequate and sincere efforts towards enforcing the tax evaders on the need for them to pay their tax instead, they concentrated on the revenue from oil sector, while overlooking the taxes on agriculture which is supposed to yield revenue to the country as a whole.

Arowomole and Oluwalayode (2006:39) define tax evasion as a deliberate act on the part of the tax payer to reduce their tax liability through illegal means or an attempt not to pay tax due. While tax avoidance is defined as a legal way by which a taxpayer reduces his or her tax liabilities. Tax evasion is considered as a criminal offence.