Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women

Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women

 

Content Structure of Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women

• The abstract contains the research problem, the objectives, methodology, results, and recommendations
• Chapter one of this thesis or project materials contains the background to the study, the research problem, the research questions, research objectives, research hypotheses, significance of the study, the scope of the study, organization of the study, and the operational definition of terms.
• Chapter two contains relevant literature on the issue under investigation. The chapter is divided into five parts which are the conceptual review, theoretical review, empirical review, conceptual framework, and gaps in research
• Chapter three contains the research design, study area, population, sample size and sampling technique, validity, reliability, source of data, operationalization of variables, research models, and data analysis method
• Chapter four contains the data analysis and the discussion of the findings
• Chapter five contains the summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations, contributions to knowledge, and recommendations for further studies.
• References: The references are in APA
• Questionnaire

 

Chapter One of Sonographic Evaluation of the Liver in Pregnant Women

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

          The variations in the sizes of the various organs during pregnancy is well known with various organs of the body lincreasing in size throughout pregnancy and returning to their pre-pregnant state during the pueperium (Melamedet al., 2011). The liver is the largest abdominal organ with function in filtering and storage of blood, metabolizing of carbohydrates, proteins, hormones and strange chemicals; to form bile, storage of vitamins and iron; and production of clothing factors. Also, the liver size estimation is important in the diagnosis and follow up of various disease occurring in pregnancy like hepatitis, and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (Wennet, 2001). Thus, the knowledge of the normal sonographic liver size is important.

          Ultrasonography is the best method for the assessment of abdominal organs during pregnancy as it is non-invasive non-ionizing thus safe in pregnancy. It is also readily available, quick, cheap and accurate (Kerstin and Brennan 1992). Examination is in real time, three-dimensional and independent of organ function thus the internal structures can be assessed easily. It has advantages over other radiological imaging modalities such as conventional radiography and computed axial tomography in that ionizing rays which are harmful to the developing fetus are used. With ultrasound, sound energy is used and has been found to have no adverse effect on the developing fetus, thus it is safe. It can be used at any stage of pregnancy (Miller et al., 1984). Physical examination of the liver through palpation and percussion is less accurate compared to ultrasound estimation of the size especially in detecting small increases in size (Rosemeriet al., 2010).

          The liver occupies 5% of the mature fetus body cavity and it constitutes 2.5% of the adult body weight (Ronald, 2003). Liver weight in the adult male is approximately 1400-1500g² and it serves over 500 physiological functions related to metabolism, digestion, immunity and storage of nutrients (Moore, et al., 2010).    

Conventional and pulsed color Doppler ultrasonography are considered to be indicated for the study of gestation and maternal organs on account of the multiplicity of morphological and hemodynamic data that they provide for being innocuous for their noninvasive and relatively low cost. The Doppler modality is utilized for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the arterial and venous perfusion and can increase the ultrasonography accuracy, identifying the blood flow in the vessels and their respective resistivity and pulsatility indices as well as the study of their indices in the physiological alterations observed during pregnancy.     

Accurate measurement of the liver by sonography is particularly relevant when hepatic diseases are suspected. As a noninvasive and inexpensive method, when compared to other methods (Tchelepici, et al., 2002), diagnostic sonography is particularly useful to evaluate liver size and texture. In recent years, diagnostic sonography has shown specificity and positive predictive value in assessing the liver and its various diseases (Hung, et al., 2003). But according to a number of validated sources, measurements of liver length still varies greatly across modalities and techniques used by the operator (Rumack, et al., 2011).

 

Rationale of the Study / Significance

          Several studies have identified that body tends to increase in size throughout pregnancy and also returns to their pre-pregnant state during the pueperium (Melamedet al., 2011) and also it has been reported from prior studies there are positive correlation between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age, while studies on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women in Nigeria have been neglected in previous literatures. Therefore, this study concentrates on the investigating of the liver length in pregnant women using ultrasonogrpahic measures. The findings of this study will be useful to researchers and also will serve as a data base for researchers in the area of the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women.

 

Justification of Study   

          Ugbomaet al., (2011) conducted a pilot study of the normal sonographic measurements of the liver in normal pregnant women in the University of PortHarcout Teaching Hospital and found out that there were positive correlations between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age. Kratzeret al., (2003) carried out a study on the ultrasonographic evaluation of liver in pregnant women of Indian and from the study it was revealed the average longitudinal diameter of the liver (midclavicular line) to be 13.11+1.73cm (median, 13.2cm; range, 7.0-16.4cm). From the result, it was further revealed that the multivariate analysis showed no positive correlation between the liver length and gestational age. Studies on the ultrasonographic evaluation of liver in pregnant women using Agbor general Hospital as a case study has not been documented in the literature.

 

Statement of Problem

          There are few studies that have critically investigated on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women around the globe. Earlier studies concluded   that that there were positive correlations between the liver length and body mass index but not with the parity gestational age. Thus, this study is needed in order to document the possible observations commonly seen as regard the length of the liver in the pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital using ultrasonographic measures.

 

Scope of Study

          This research work was focused on the ultrasonographicevaluation of liver in pregnant women. The research was conducted among pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital. A total number of one hundred and fifty (150) normal pregnant women were evaluated for this study.

 

The Aim (General Objective)

          The general objective of this study is to investigate on the ultrasonographic evaluation of the liver in pregnant women at the Agbor general Hospital.

 

The (Specific) Objectives

 l.    Determine the normal length of the liver by ultrasound scan in normal pregnant women.

 2.       Determine the effect, if any of the gestational age on the liver.   

 

Limitation of the Study

          The study been constrained by a lot of factors such as cost of transportation to the various hospitals during the period of data collection and time consuming.

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