Education Project Topics

Empirical Study of Inclusive Education and the Effects on Teaching of Biology

Empirical Study of Inclusive Education and the Effects on Teaching of Biology

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Background to the study of Empirical Study of Inclusive Education and the Effects on Teaching of Biology

Overย  theย  pastย  decades,ย  localย  andย  nationalย  governmentsย  haveย  adopted inclusiveย  educationย  policies.ย  Internationalย  humanย  rightsย  frameworkย  statesย  that schoolsย  areย  responsibleย  forย  providingย  equalย  educationalย  opportunitiesย  andย  that classroomย  teachersย  areย  theย  keyย  agentsย  inย  promotingย  inclusionย  forย  allย  students (UNESCO,ย  1994,ย  2000).ย  However,ย  despiteย  aย  largeย  bodyย  ofย  literatureย  onย  inclusion, thereย  isย  aย  lackย  ofย  empiricalย  evidenceย  onย  itsย  impactย  onย  studentย  growthย  (Fuchsย  & Fuchs,ย  1994;ย  Farrell,ย  2000;ย  Lindsay,ย  2003,ย  2007;ย  Kauffman,ย  2008;ย  Kavaleย  & Forness,ย  2000).ย ย  Disabilityย  isย  oneย  ofย  manyย  individualย  differencesย  andย  fromย  thisย  perspective, inclusiveย  educationย  isย  definedย  asย  providingย  appropriateย  educationalย  practicesย  to studentsย  withย  disabilitiesย  byย  classroomย  teachersย  inย  regularย  classroomsย  (Loreman, 2007;ย  Porter,ย  2008).ย  Whileย  opponentsย  ofย  inclusionย  argueย  thatย  inclusiveย  teaching takesย  awayย  fromย  theย  learningย  opportunitiesย  ofย  studentsย  withoutย  anyย  specialย  needs, someย  suggestย  thatย  inclusionย  benefitsย  allย  studentsย  (Demeris,ย  Childs,ย  &ย  Jordan, 2007;ย ย ย  McGhie-Richmondย  etย  al.,ย  2013).ย  Researchย  alsoย  suggestย  thatย  although studentsย  withย  specialย  needsย  mayย  benefitย  sociallyย  fromย  inclusion,ย  theย  academic benefitsย  remainย  unclearย  (Farrell,ย  2000).ย ย  Lackย  ofย  empiricalย  evidenceย  onย  inclusiveย  educationย  mayย  beย  perhapsย  dueย  to conceptualย  limitationsย  suchย  asย  aย  lackย  ofย  consensusย  overย  aย  definitionย  ofย  inclusion andย  methodologicalย  challengesย  suchย  asย  establishingย  controlย  inย  naturalย  settings (Dyson,ย  Farrell,ย  Polat,ย  Hutcheson, ย &ย  Gallannaugh,ย  2004;ย  Farrell,ย  2000;ย  McGhieRichmondย  etย  al.,ย  2013;ย  Nindย  &ย  Wearmouth,ย  2006).

Problem Statement.

Accordingย  toย  Dysonย  etย  al. (2004),ย  thereย  areย  limitedย  numbersย  ofย  classroom-basedย  observationย  studies examiningย  effectiveย  teachingย  practicesย  inย  inclusiveย  classrooms.ย  Indeed,ย  a componentย  thatย  isย  oftenย  notย  includedย  inย  researchย  examiningย  effectiveness of inclusionย  andย  itsย  impactย  onย  studentย  outcomesย  isย  anย  observationย  ofย  theย  qualityย  of classroomย  teaching.ย  Farrellย  (2000)ย  suggestsย  thatย  studiesย  shouldย  examine observationย  ofย  actualย  teachingย  asย  opposedย  toย  focusingย  onย  comparisonsย  of placementย  labelsย  suchย  asย  โ€œinclusiveโ€ย  versusย  โ€œspecialโ€ย  classrooms. Thus,ย  focusing onย  classroomsย  asย  unitsย  ofย  analysisย  isย  aย  stepย  forwardย  inย  identifyingย  howย  inclusive educationย  canย  beย  implementedย  effectivelyย  inย  practiceย  forย  allย  studentsย  (Ertenย  & Savage,ย  2012). Thereย  areย  alsoย  otherย  factorsย  toย  takeย  intoย  considerationย  whenย  examining pathwaysย  toย  successfulย  inclusiveย  practices.ย  Manyย  scholarsย  stateย  thatย  moving towardsย  inclusionย  requiresย  systematicย  evaluationย  atย  theย  overallย  school-level includingย  identifyingย  theย  attitudesย  andย  perceptionsย  ofย  schoolย  professionals (Carrington,ย  1999;ย  Loreman,ย  2007;ย  Porter,ย  1997,ย  2008;ย  Singal,ย  2008;ย  Villaย  & Thousand,ย  2005).ย  Researchย  findingsย  pointย  outย  thatย  classroomย  teachersโ€™ย  positive attitudesย  towardsย  inclusionย  isย  amongstย  theย  mostย  importantย  factors ย inย  creating inclusiveย  classroomsย  (Avramidisย  &ย  Norwich,ย  2002;ย  McGhie-Richmondย  etย  al., 2013).ย  However,ย  evidenceย  alsoย  suggestsย  thatย  classroomย  teachersย  areย  reluctant aboutย  implementingย  inclusionย  andย  adaptingย  instructionย  forย  allย  studentsย  (Avramidis & Norwich,ย  2002).ย ย  Inย  additionย  toย  school-levelย  factors,ย  factorsย  atย  theย  classroom-levelย  also influenceย  impactย  ofย  inclusiveย  education.ย  Classroomย  teachersย  areย  expectedย  toย  take theย  leadingย  roleย  inย  providingย  supportย  forย  studentsย  withย  specialย  needsย  withinย  the regularย  classroomย  contextย  (Pressley,ย  Wharton-McDonald,ย  Mistretta-Hampston,ย  & Echevarria,ย  1998;ย  Loreman,ย  2007;ย  McGhie-Richmond,ย  Irvine,ย  Loreman,ย  Cizman, & Lupart,ย  2013).ย  Evidenceย  fromย  studiesย  ofย  effectiveย  teachingย  revealย  thatย  teaching inย  inclusiveย  classroomsย  requiresย  notย  onlyย  aย  generalย  understandingย  ofย  bestย  practices inย  teachingย  butย  alsoย  aย  moreย  specializedย  knowledgeย  ofย  adaptedย  instructionย  for studentsย  withย  specialย  needsย  (Bender,ย  Vail,ย  &ย  Scott,ย  1995;ย  Jordan,ย  Lindsay,ย  & Stanovich,ย  1997;ย  Jordanย  &ย  Stanovich,ย  2001,ย  2003,ย  2004;ย  McGee,ย  2001;ย  McGhieRichmond,ย  Underwood,ย  &ย  Jordan,ย  2007;ย  McGhie-Richmondย  etย  al.,ย  2013; Tomlinson,ย  2001,ย  2003;ย  Voltz,ย  Brazil,ย  &ย  Ford,ย  2001).ย  However,ย  researchย  findings onย  teachersโ€™ย  negativeย  attitudesย  towardsย  studentsย  withย  disabilitiesย  mayย  alsoย  suggest thatย  teachersย  areย  reluctantย  toย  implementย  inclusiveย  practicesย  (Avramidisย  & Norwich,ย  2002).ย ย  Inย  educationalย  psychology,ย  althoughย  literatureย  examiningย  theย  linkย  between teachersโ€™ย  behaviourย  andย  attitudesย  isย  quiteย  extensive,ย  researchย  focusing on empiral study of inclusive education and the effects on teaching of biology are limited.

Researchย  Objectives

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Two researchย  objectivesย  shapeย  theย  presentย  study.ย  Theย  firstย  objectiveย  isย  to examineย  whetherย  thereย  isย  aย  relationshipย  betweenย  teachersโ€™ย  teachingย  practicesย  and theirย  perceptionsย  ofย  inclusionย  inย  inclusive education and effects on teaching biology.Theย  second objective is to explore whetherย  anyย  classroom-levelย  factors including various componentsย  ofย  teachersโ€™ย  teachingย  practicesย  andย  attitudesย  areย  significantlyย  related to studentย  outcomesย  ofย  readingย  attainment,ย  socialย  inclusion,ย  self-concept, bullying andย  studentsโ€™ย  perceptionsย  ofย  inclusion.ย  Through a nestedย  designย  withย  students nestedย  withinย  classrooms,ย  theย  present studyย  willย  examineย  individualย  variationย  in readingย  attainment of biology.

Research Question

(1) what is inclusive education?

(2) how is it implemented?

(3) what are its effect on teaching practices?

Significance of the study

Theย  presentย  studyย  seeksย  toย  examineย  howย  studentsโ€™ย  developย  inย  relation toย  differentย  classroomย  contextsย  asย  measuredย  byย  observationsย  ofย  classroom teaching of biologyย  andย  attitudesย  towardsย  inclusionย  surveysย  throughย  hierarchicalย  analyses. Theย  presentย  studyย  willย  aimย  toย  makeย  substantiveย  conceptualย  andย  methodological contributionsย  toย  theย  fieldย  ofย  inclusiveย  educationย  byย  1)ย  examiningย  normal classroomย  variationย  throughย  lookingย  atย  growthย  inย  attainmentย  andย  socialย  outcomes andย  2)ย  byย  exploringย  theย  sharedย  classroomย  variationย  asย  theย  dependentย  variable independentย  ofย  uniqueย  student-levelย  variance. Finally, the present study aimsย  toย  guideย  professionalย  developmentย  inย  theย  implementationย  ofย  inclusive educationย  particularlyย  atย  theย  classroom-level and its effects on teaching of biology.

Scope of the study

The study focuses on Empirical study of inclusive education and the effects on teaching of biology.

 

References

Avramidis,ย  E.ย  &ย  Norwich,ย  B.ย  (2002).ย  Teachersโ€™ย  attitudesย  towards integration/inclusion:ย  aย  reviewย  ofย  theย  literature.ย  Europeanย  Journalย  of Specialย  Needsย  Education,ย  17(2),ย  129-147.

Carrington,ย  S.ย  (1999).ย  Inclusionย  needsย  aย  differentย  schoolย  culture.ย  International Journalย  ofย  Inclusiveย  Education,ย  3(3),ย  257-268.

Demeris,ย  H.,ย  Childs,ย  R.ย  A.,ย  &ย  Jordan,ย  A.ย  (2007).ย  Theย  influenceย  ofย  studentsย  with specialย  needsย  includedย  inย  grade-ย  3ย  classroomsย  onย  theย  large-ย  scale achievementย  scoresย  ofย  studentsย  withoutย  specialย  needs.ย  Canadian Journalย  ofย  Education,ย  30(3),ย  609-627.

Dyson, ย A.,ย  Farrell,ย  P.,ย  Polat,ย  F.,ย  Hutcheson,ย  G.,ย  &ย  Gallannaugh,ย  F.ย  (2004). Inclusionย  andย  pupilย  achievementย  (Researchย  Rep.ย  No.ย  RR578).ย  London, UK:ย  Departmentย  forย  Educationย  andย  Skills.ย  Retrievedย  onย  Marchย  12, 2009

Erten,ย  O.ย  &ย  Savage, ย R.ย  (2012).ย  Movingย  forwardย  inย  inclusiveย  educationย  research. Internationalย  Journalย  ofย  Inclusiveย  Education,ย  16(2),ย  221-233.

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Fuchs,ย  D.,ย  &ย  Fuchs,ย  L.ย  S.ย  (1994).ย  Inclusiveย  schoolย  movementsย  andย  the radicalizationย  ofย  specialย  educationย  reform.ย  Exceptionalย  Children,ย  60, 294-309.

Kauffman,ย  J.ย  M.ย  (2008).ย  Wouldย  weย  recognizeย  progressย  ifย  weย  sawย  it?:ย  A commentary.ย  Journalย  ofย  Behaviouralย  Education,ย  17,ย  128-143.

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Lindsay,ย  G.ย  (2003).ย  Inclusiveย  education:ย  Aย  criticalย  perspective.ย  Britishย  Journalย  of Specialย  Education,ย  30(1),ย  3-12.ย ย ย  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/14678527.00275 Lindsay,ย  G.ย  (2007).ย  Annualย  review:ย  Educationalย  psychologyย  andย  theย  effectiveness ofย  inclusiveย  education/mainstreaming.ย  Britishย  Journalย  ofย  Educational Psychology,ย  77, 1-24.

Loreman,ย  T.,ย  Lupart,ย  J.ย  L.,ย  McGhie-Richmond,ย  D.,ย  &ย  Barber,ย  J.ย  (2008).ย  The developmentย  ofย  aย  Canadianย  instrumentย  forย  measuringย  studentย  viewsย  of theirย  inclusiveย  schoolย  environmentย  inย  aย  ruralย  context:ย  Theย  Student Perceptionsย  ofย  Inclusionย  inย  Ruralย  Canadaย  (SPIRC)ย  scale.ย  International Journalย  ofย  Specialย  Education,ย  23(3),ย  78-89. Loreman,ย  T.,ย  McGhie-Richmond,ย  D.,ย  Barber,ย  J.ย  &ย  Lupart,ย  J.ย  L.ย  (2008).ย  Student perspectivesย  onย  inclusiveย  education:ย  Aย  surveyย  ofย  Gradeย  3-6ย  childrenย  in ruralย  Alberta,ย  Canada.ย  Internationalย  Journalย  ofย  Wholeย  Schooling,ย  5(1), 1-15

McGhie-Richmond,ย  D.,ย  Irvine,ย  A.,ย  Loreman,ย  T.,ย  Cizman,ย  J.,ย  &ย  Lupart,ย  J.ย  (2013). Teacherย  perspectivesย  onย  inclusiveย  educationย  inย  ruralย  Alberta,ย  Canada. Canadianย  Journalย  ofย  Education,ย  36(1),ย  195-239.

Nind,ย  M.ย  &ย  Wearmouth,ย  J.ย  (2006).ย  Includingย  childrenย  withย  specialย  educational needsย  inย  mainstreamย  classrooms:ย  Implicationsย  forย  pedagogyย  fromย  a systematicย  review.ย  Journalย  ofย  Researchย  inย  Specialย  Educationalย  Needs, 6(3),ย  116-124.

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Pressley,ย  M.,ย  Wharton-McDonald,ย  R.,ย  Mistretta-Hampston,ย  J.ย  &ย  Echevarria,ย  M. (1998).ย  Literacyย  instructionย  inย  10ย  fourth-ย  andย  fifth-gradeย  classroomsย  in upstateย  Newย  York.ย  Scientificย  Studiesย  ofย  Reading,ย  2(2),ย  159-194.

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