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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACGROUND OF THE STUDY
The insecurity level in Nigeria has become a great concern. Ranging from terrorist attacks to banditry activities, herders crises, unknown gunmen attacks on citizens and military, abductions and killing of school children makes living more scary than it used to be. According to the Global Terrorism Index report (2019), Boko Haram is ranked the fourth deadliest terrorist groups in the world while Banditry Groups and Herdsmen attack by have been ranked the sixth deadliest terror groups in the world. The group is also known to be responsible for over 30,000 deaths as a result of terrorism (Institute for Economics and Peace, 2019). Moreover, Boko Haram has been integral to the displacement of over 2.6 million people and is notorious as the most dreadful Nigerian insurgent group (Chinonso, 2018). .
However reintegration of former militants and repentant terrorist combatants by granting them amnesty is an issue of global concern for criminal justice systems.Amnesty is a pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political or crime offense. It is the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted(Wikipedia). Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programmes aimed at reintegrating repentant terrorist back into society have been multifaceted and there seems to be a growing interest in around the world on community-based activities in post-conflict settings (Kaplan & Nussio, 2018; McEvoy & Shirlow, 2009).
On February 2020, The Nigeria Senate established an agency to make life comfortable for ‘repentant’ Boko Haram terrorists irrespective of their wanton destruction of lives and property on the premise that simply detaining terrorist combatants indefinitely or executing them are no longer viable options hence they should be granted amnesty. This move manifested in 2020 when an estimated 1400 repentant Boko Haram insurgents were released and resettled back into the community (Adibe, 2020). While these are laudable, it raises a number of concerns about the transparency of the selection process used for those being released, and the capability of the Nigerian reintegration programmes and amnesty to effectively screen the repentant to ensure they pose minimal or no threat to the host communities. Similarly, existing policies on reintegration have tended to place less emphasis on the host community to which the deradicalized will be reintegrated which makes it more worrisome for the individuals in those community. Studies tend to suggest that the fear of reprisal from both the community and the terrorist organization might increase the risk of former combatant’s recidivism and re-involvement in terrorism and criminal activities which poses more threat to national security (Annan et al., 2009; Riley et al., 2017). Therefore is upon this premise that this study is set to do an Assessment of the effect of amnesty for repentant terrorist on national security in Nigeria (A case study of Public Perspective).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Apart from being a source of fear for all Nigerians, insecurity has also become a topic of conversation among two or three Nigerians. This is a condition in which you are in danger or injured. It’s the fear that comes with feeling vulnerable and insecure. In Nigeria, there are many illegal armed groups, ethnic paramilitary groups, religious fundamentalists, and fanatics. These have resulted in a series of bombings, assassinations, vandalism, armed robbery, corruption, and injustices that we hear about on a daily basis. These events are clearly having a negative impact on Nigeria’s political, religious, and cultural landscape. ignoring persistent public outcry against the release of the suspected insurgents, the Senate has begun a legislative process to grant amnesty to the terrorists. lawmakers plan to achieve by passing a bill for an Act tagged “National Agency for Education, Rehabilitation, De-radicalisation and Integration of Repentant Insurgents in Nigeria 2020, SB. 340.The bill is being sponsored by the immediate past governor of Yobe State, Ibrahim Gaidam, who now represents Yobe East Senatorial District in the National Assembly. It was learnt that proponents of this legislation believe that the Boko Haram suspects, who had inflicted unprecedented torture on and killed thousands of innocent citizens, particularly in the northern part of the country, should be made to enjoy what beneficiaries of the Presidential Amnesty for Niger Delta militants have been enjoying. Several researchers have exhibit tension on the impact of this bill as this would not just encourage the terrorist combatant to perpetuate crime knowing that they would be granted forgiveness, amnesty and reinstated into the society. However the fear of the communities over this move is that, this repentant never left their old behaviour as they reinforce and raze more attacks on the host communities of which this viscous cycle leads to perpetual insecurity. Therefore it is upon this premise that this study is meant to do an assessment of the effect of amnesty for repentant terrorist on national security in Nigeria (A case study of Public Perspective).
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The focus of the study is to assess the effect of amnesty for repentant terrorist on national security in Nigeria. Specifically it will examine the opinion of people on amnesty for repentant terrorist. It will investigate if the amnesty for repentant terrorist has contributed to lingered insecurities in Nigeria.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be relevant to the general public. Specifically to policy makers, it will redirect their focus on revisiting the bill on National Agency for Education, Rehabilitation, De-radicalisation and Integration of Repentant Insurgents in Nigeria 2020, SB. 340 . To law enforcement agencies, it will enable enlighten them on the need to come with a working counter-terrorism strategy to combat the rising insecurity challenges of Nigeria. The study will drive the need for public awareness on how amnesty for terrorist perpetuates insurgency hence the government government should come up with solutions to end this cancer-worm of insecurity. More so it will drive the Judiciary and Human Right Activists, International Bodies to investigate and probe crimes committed by repentant terrorist and combatants. Finally the study will contribute to the body of literature on this field and serve as reference material for further academic research.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is to assess the effect of amnesty for repentant terrorist on national security in Nigeria. Specifically it will examine the opinion of people on amnesty for repentant terrorist. It will investigate if the amnesty for repentant terrorist has contributed to lingered insecurities in Nigeria. However this study is delimited to Yobe State in Nigeria.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no significant effect of amnesty for Repentant Terrorist on National Security
H1: Amnesty for Repentant Terrorist has a significant negative effect on National Security
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The following factors poses to be a limitation during the course of this research
Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Amnesty: Amnesty is a pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political or crime offense. It is the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted.
Repentant: A Repentant is someone shows remorse for wrong doing and has a change of heart and change of direction. It involves a determination to stop wrong doing
Terrorist: terrorist is a person who uses unlawful violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aim
National Security
Insurgency: An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents.
Terrorism: Terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. it is the the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political and religious aims
National Security: National security or national defence is the security and defence of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government.
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