Indices of Sports Participation as Predictor of Non-involvement in Cultism Among Students

Abstract Of Indices of Sports Participation as Predictor of Non-involvement in Cultism Among Students

The purpose of the study was to examine the indices of sports participation as predictor of non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University. A total of two hundred (200) respondents were selected from five faculties. Which was analyzed using a descriptive statistics of percentage, frequency and inferential statistics of chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. A self-structured questionnaire was also used for the study.

Three hypotheses were postulated and all were rejected. The findings revealed the following:

 

1. Availability of sports facilities was significantly predicted as non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
2. Scheduling of sports activities was significantly predicted as non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
3. The influence of peer group was significantly predicted as non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                         i

Certification                                                                     ii

Dedication                                                                        iii

Acknowledgment                                                              iv

Abstract                                                                           v

Table of content                                                                vi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study                                                  1 Statement of the problem                                                   4

 Purpose of the study                                                        5

Research questions                                                          6

Research hypotheses                                                        6

Significance of the study                                                   7

Delimitations of the study                                                 7

Limitation of the study                                                     8

Operational  definition of terms                                        8

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Historical development of cultism                                     9

Concept of sport                                                               14

Concept of cultism                                                            16

Types of sport                                                                   19

Importance of sports                                                         21

Provision of facilities and equipment                                 23

Sport facilities problem and solutions                               25

How can we develop sport facilities                                   29

How to eradicate cultism activities in school                     32

Use of sports to curb cultism activities                             35

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design                                                               44

Population                                                                       44

Sample and sampling techniques                                     45

Instrumentation                                                               45

Validity and reliability of the instrument                          45

Procedure for data collection                                            46

Procedure of data analysis                                               46

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

Data presentation                                                            47

Data analysis / hypothesis testing/ discussion                 50

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary                                                                         56

Conclusions                                                                     57

Recommendations                                                            57 References                                                                           59

Questionnaire                                                                  65

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study 

One major culture that has the capacity of developing the mind and body of the Nigerian students is sports. Sports does not exists in a vacuum; it is part of total educational program of a nation, which involves local and state systems, regional councils and international organization, sports without mining words has developed to become a socio-economic, political, cultural and religious weapon through which many nations seek to  rule the world. Gert (1995) agrees to this fact by stating categorically that sports has been used by nation of low recognition to improve their global image and project their national status to recognition.

Sports also act as a kind of badge for social exclusivity and cultural distinctiveness for the dominant classes, it operates a means of control or containment of the working or popular classes; it is represented as a source of escape and mobility for talented class of performers. It articulates the fractional status distinctions that exist within the ranks of large class grouping  (Sugden and Tomlinson, 2000).(Eitzen 2009) also sees sports as that  which can bring people together by giving them a sense of personal identify, as well as feelings of group membership and social identification.

Awosika (2000) postulated that sports has been found to be an instrument of practriotism individuals especially in a multi-national agency. Also, researches have shown that participation in sports has positive correlation with academic achievement (Durcan, 2000).

Olajide (2003) stated that sports participation represents an integral part of total physical education programme, which mostly evolves from the intra-mural and extra-mural programmes. It is designed for students and it serves as an extension of the instruction programme by giving students with opportunity to practicalise what they have learnt in the classroom e.g morals and theories of games. It provides students with opportunities that will be conducive for their health and physical fitness. It motivates student’s participation in sports skills at their own level. It provides a forum or avenue to share common interest. It encourages the process of psychological meaning or self-confidence so important to the adolescent.

The concept of a “cult” as defined by Homby, (2001) is a small group of people who have extreme religious beliefs and who are not part of any established religion. Akanni (1999) postulated that a “Cult” could be said to emanate from great and or idea. This could be manifested in ritual, praised songs, chants and worship.

Omoluabi (1999) opined that against the background of the nature of campuses, the theories and functions of groups, the formation of all kinds of groups in campuses is inevitable. The so-called campus cults or secret society are groups of students who have un-orthodox social practices. The groups that have pirates, Buccaneer, Black axe, Black beret, Eiye confraternity, Mafioso and Daughters of Jezebel. The group’s characteristics are: holding meetings at unusually times and in unusual places, wearing weird customers, singing outrageous songs, adopting outlandish nicknames, love of rituals and poor personal adjustment, magical activities and low self-esteem.

However, as it has been postulated above that cultism and the violence associated with it are inevitable phenomena on campuses, the realization that group behavior of the individual member of the group further confirms that inevitability. Arising from this background, the purpose of this study is to appraise indices of sports participation as predictors of non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.

 Statement of the Problem                                               

In the recent past, sports and provided a forum for unity and social interaction through the participation of fellow country men and women representing the country in some events such as track and field, football, and tennis. However, these participants are majorly from other works of life except academics. It has been noted that for instance the contingent i.e presenting Nigeria in 1989 under 20 World cup, only multi Adepoju happened to be an undergraduate from university of Ibadan.

To this end, if samples will be taking it will be discovered that just a fraction or a small percentage of students participate in sports to the point of representing the country in both National  and International events. Showing the lack of interest or encouragement post by stunts towards sporting activities. This research  therefore aims at looking closely into the cases, causes consequences and panacea which will provide modalities for institutions of  higher learning to integrate sporting activities into the educational system thereby encouraging a lot of undergraduates or students from various facilities  to explore their talents.

Purpose of the Study 

The purpose of the study will be:

1. Looking at the availability of sports facilities  as predictors of non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
2. Finding out how scheduling of sports activities should be furthermore intensified in order to encourage continuous participation in sports among students of Lagos State University.
3. To how whether the influence of peer group will predict their non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University

Research Questions

The following research questions will be raised in the course of the study:

1. Will availability of sports facilities significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
2. Will scheduling of sports activities significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University
3. Will the influence of peer group significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.

Research  Hypotheses

1. Availability of sports facilities will not significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
2. Scheduling of sports activities will not significantly predict non-involvement in cultism among students of Lagos State University.
3. The influence of peer group will not predict cultism among students of Lagos State University.

 Significance of the Study 

The study when fully completed will be immense contributions to the development of sports in tertiary institutions in the following ways:

1. It will upgrade the university to sustain student’s interest regarding sports.
2. The university programme will be redesigned so as to create a meaningful and adequate time for students during which they could take part in sporting activities.
3. It will also suggest vital techniques to be adopted by the university authority in predicting sports participation among students of Lagos State University.

limitations of the Study

1. This research work is delimited to five (5) selected faculties in Lagos State University. These are:

(i)           Faculty of Sciences

(ii)         Faculty of Social Science

(iii)       Faculty of Management  Science

(iv)       Faculty of Education

(v)         Faculty of Art

1. A total of 200 participants will be used as sample for the study.

 Limitations of the Study 

The following are limitations envisaged in the study and they are:

1. The reluctance of respondents in taking part of the study
2. Responses bias from the respondents, which may affect the validity of the study.

Operational Definition of Terms

1. Indices: A sign or measure that can be judged.
2. Sports: An organized competitive activity involving physical effort and skill.
3. Predictor: state that an event  will happen in the future
4. Non-involvement: Act of not giving a lot of time and attention.
5. Cult: A way of life, an attitude, an idea that has become very popular